CAR-GB 17930-2006 motor gasoline

Foreword The standard for the mandatory provisions of Chapter 5, the rest is recommended articles. This standard is in the GB l7930-1999 "car to unleaded petrol" on the basis of taking into account has been implemented and will be the implementation of more stringent vehicle emission regulatory requirements, GB l7930-1999 to amend it. Instead of the standard GB l7930-1999 "car to unleaded petrol." The Standards and GB l7930-1999 and 1, 2, 3, compared to amend the single major change as follows: -- Standard name is amended as follows: "automotive gasoline"; -- Chapter 5 of the requirements and test methods to increase Table 2; -- Motor gasoline brands from the "90,93,95 'is amended as" 90,93,97 "; -- Chapter 1 of the increase in "Table 1 of the present technical requirements of the standard of motor gasoline to meet GB l8352.2 requirements; Table 2 of the present technical requirements of the standard of motor gasoline to meet GB l8352.3 phase in the requirements of Part III "; -- Normative documents cited in the increase and the deletion of some use standards; -- Motor gasoline in the methanol content was revised to "not more than 0.3% (mass)"; -- The original standard Note 1) to amend a footnote to this standard: "automotive gasoline, no artificially by adding methanol and the lead or iron-containing additives." ; -- Olefin and aromatics content of the Notes to amend the standards-based e footnote: "For 97 of motor gasoline, olefins, aromatics content control of the premises, the maximum permissible Aromatics (volume fraction) of 42%. Determination of dispute in time to GB / T 11132, whichever is determined results. "; -- GB l7930-1999 No. 3 single amend Article VII "... manganese content in petrol refers to methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese three carbonyl (MMT) in the form of the manganese content ..." Laws - based standards footnote f: "manganese content in petrol refers to the three-Cyclopentadiene carbonyl manganese form the total manganese content, not by adding other types of manganese additives. "; -- Lift the standards of Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C; -- Lift the standards of Notes 1, 2, 3, Note 2), 3), 5) and 7). The standards become effective implementation, Table 2 provides technical requirements for the transition period to December 31, 2009. The standards proposed by the China Petrochemical Corporation. By this standard petroleum products and lubricants National Technical Committee of Standardization centralized. This standard drafting units: China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation Petrochemical Institute of Science and Technology. The drafters of the major standards: Nibei, CHEN Yan, Yang, Yong-Guang Zhang, Liu Shuntao. This standard was first released in 1999, this amendment for the first time. GB 17930-2006 Motor gasoline Gasoline for motor vehicles -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Scope 1 By the standards for liquid hydrocarbons and liquid hydrocarbon and by improving the use of the additive properties of motor gasoline requirements and test methods, sampling and signs, packaging, transport and storage. The standards apply to their products - ignited internal combustion engines for fuel. Table 1 of the present technical requirements of the standard of motor gasoline to meet GB l8352.2 requirements; Table 2 of the present technical requirements of the standard of motor gasoline to meet GB l8352.3 phase in the requirements of Part III. 2 normative documents cited The following documents in the articles cited by the standards have become the standard provisions. All documents cited date of the Note, all its subsequent amendments alone (not including the contents of Correction) or revised edition of this standard are not applicable, however, under this standard to encourage the parties to reach an agreement on whether to use the latest version of these documents. Note date are not in the quoted document, and its latest version of the standard applicable to this. GB / T 259 of petroleum products in water-soluble acid and alkali Law GB / T 260 Water Determination of petroleum products GB / T 380 of sulfur content in oil products (Lamp Law) GB / T petrol with an octane number of 503 (motor) GB / T 511 petroleum products and additives mechanical impurities method (gravimetric method) GB / T in 1792 mercaptan sulfur distillate fuel Determination Act (potentiometric titration) GB / T 4756 oil liquid manual sampling method (GB / T 4756-1998, eqvISO 3170:1988) GB / T 5096 petroleum products copper corrosion test GB / T 5487 with an octane number of gasoline (research) GB / T 6536 distillation method of petroleum products GB / T 8017 petroleum products vapor pressure method (Randt Law) GB / T 8018 oxidation stability of gasoline (induction period Act) GB / T 8019 motor gasoline and aviation fuel actual glial method (spray evaporation) (GB / T 8019-1987, neq ISO 6246:1981) GB / T 8020 Determination of Lead in petrol (AAS) GB / T 11132 hydrocarbon liquid petroleum products Determination Act (fluorescent indicator adsorption) GB / T 11140 sulfur content of petroleum products (X-ray spectrometry) GB / T 17040 sulfur content of petroleum products (energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry) GB 18352.2 light vehicle pollutant discharge limits and measurement method (II) GB l8352.3 light vehicle pollutant discharge limits and measurement method (China III, IV stage) SH 0164 petroleum products packaging, storage and delivery acceptance rules SH / T 0174 aromatics and light petroleum products mercaptan qualitative test method (Ph.D. Test) (SH / T 0174-1992, eqv ISO 5275:1979) SH / T 0253 light petroleum products in the determination of total sulfur content (power law) SH / T 0663 petrol in certain alcohols and ethers Determination Act (GC) SH / T 0689 and the engine light hydrocarbon fuel and other oil of the total sulfur content in crystal method (UV fluorescence) SH / T 0693 aromatics content in gasoline Determination Act (GC) SH / T 0711 manganese content in gasoline Determination Act (AAS) SH / T 0712 in the iron content of gasoline (AAS) SH / T 0713 cars with gasoline and aviation gasoline in the content of benzene and toluene Determination (GC) SH / T 0741 ethnic composition of hydrocarbons in gasoline Determination Act (multidimensional GC) SH / T 0742 sulfur content in gasoline Determination Act (energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry) 3 terminology and definitions The following terms and definitions apply to this standard. 3.1 Antiknock index antiknock index Research Octane Number (RON) and motor octane number (MON) and one half. 4 classification and identification 4.1 Product Categories Motor gasoline octane number by the research is divided into 90, 93 and 97 of the three brands. 4.2 products mark Sales to customers in line with the standards of Table 1 or Table 2 of the technical requirements for motor gasoline used by tanker and containers should be marked with the following sign: "90 of petrol (II)", "No. 93 gasoline (II)", "97 of petrol (II)" or "90 , petrol (Ⅲ), "" No. 93 gasoline (iii) "," 97 of petrol (iii) "and the logo should motorist can see places. 5 requirements and test methods Motor gasoline (II) and motor gasoline (iii) the technical requirements and test methods shown in Table 1, Table 2. 6 sampling Sampling by GB / T 4756, from 4 L as a factory test and stay kind used. Motor gasoline as manganese, sampling should be light. 7 signs, packaging, transport and storage Signs, packaging, transport and storage and delivery inspection conducted by SH 0164. Motor gasoline as manganese, transport and storage should be light.

CAR-QC / T 698.1-2004 vehicles Document Part 1: technical parameters of vehicle registration table (1)

Foreword QC / T 698-2004 "vehicles that document" will be divided into several parts, the Department is divided into QC / T 698-2004 in Part 1, other parts will be developed in the future. Vehicle manufacturers can refer some of the provisions of the "technical parameters motor vehicle registration table" for the new production vehicles product preparation attendant documentation, to illustrate technical parameters vehicle product registration information. The Department is divided into the first release. This is part of the normative Appendix A Appendix B Appendix Appendix for information. This part by the China Association of Automobile Industry. This part by the National Technical Committee of Standardization centralized vehicle. This part of the drafting units: China Automotive Technology Research Center, Tianjin Public Security Bureau vehicle management. Some of the main authors of this: Tong Zhu, GENG Lei, Wang Yulin. QC / T 698.1-2004 Vehicles Document Part 1: technical parameters of vehicle registration -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Scope 1 QC / T 698 of this part provides for the production of new vehicles registered with the "motor vehicle registration table technical parameters" should indicate the project and the adoption of the format. This part applies to motor vehicles and chassis, the semi-trailer. 2 normative documents cited Following adoption of the provisions in the document QC / T 698 of this to become part of the quoted provisions of this part. All documents cited date of the Note, all its subsequent amendments alone (not including the contents of Correction) or revised edition are not applicable to this part, however, under this part to encourage the parties to reach an agreement on whether to use the latest version of these documents. Note date are not in the quoted document, and its latest version apply to this part. GB / T 788 books and magazine format and the format size (neq ISO6716: 1983) GB / T 3730.1-2001 car and trailer types of terms and definitions GB / T 18284-2000 rapid response matrix code Type 3 3.1 "technical parameters motor vehicle registration table" should be used GB / T 788 provisions of the Series A standard A4 paper format (210 mm × 297mm). 3.2 "technical parameters motor vehicle registration table" format, see Appendix A. 3.3 "technical parameters motor vehicle registration table," should use white black, the authors should be used fonts, Text the word should be used on the 5th. 3.4 "technical parameters motor vehicle registration table" could be forgery of, but should ensure that the "technical parameters motor vehicle registration table" project and clarity, for easy recognition, bar code readers easy. 4 general requirements 4.1 vehicle manufactured products, vehicle manufacturers should be a vehicle for each product attendant dispensed "technical parameters motor vehicle registration table." For the chassis (or vehicle) manufactured on the basis of the modified vehicle products, vehicle manufacturers should be modified cars for each of the products attendant dispensed chassis (or vehicle) and the modified car products "technical parameters motor vehicle registration table." 4.2 vehicle manufacturers and printing companies should complete the "motor vehicle registration technical parameters" and the application without completing the project "/" or "one" footprint. 4.3 "technical parameters motor vehicle registration table," should be a parameter in determining the value and are not allowed to choose interval data or item description, not altered. 5 project requirements 5.1 vehicle manufacturers such as name Vehicle manufacturers should complete integrity enterprises name. For example: China First Automobile Group Corporation Siping exclusive automobile plant. 5.2 Vehicle Type Vehicle type shall, in accordance with GB / T 3730.1-2001 regulations to fill. For example: passenger cars, trucks, tractor-semitrailer tractor, buses, trailers, and special vehicles. Vehicle Type B can also be in accordance with Appendix Table B.1 and the requirement to fill in Table B.2. For example: Large ordinary buses, and medium-sized flat panel trucks, light minivan semi-trailer. The chassis products, vehicle type chassis into the second category, three types of chassis. 5.3 vehicle brand Fill in the form of vehicle brand: English brand vehicles (between Chinese and English by "/" segregation) or Chinese vehicle brands, Chinese brand vehicles must be filled out, there should be behind the "licensing", the English vehicle brand optional. For example: Polaris licensing / BORA, the liberation of licensing. 5.4 vehicle models Fill vehicle models should be complete code. For example: For CAl047EL2-laden car to fill CAl047EL2. Body Color 5.5 Body color should complete description of the characters. For a single color vehicles, body color shall, in accordance with white, gray, yellow, pink, red, purple, green, blue, brown, black and other classified filled in; For multi-color vehicles, body color shall, in accordance with the three larger color fill and color for the structure from top to bottom, from downward to fill in, Yen before and after the color of the structure, the former backwards to fill in, color and color between the "/"; Body colors in the decorative lines, decorative, and not in accordance with the multi-color vehicles fill. The second category chassis without completing the body color. Chassis Model 5.6 Complete chassis models should be complete code. For example: EQ3208GJ. On the basis of the modified vehicle vehicles, the vehicle fill in the original models. Once completed manufacture of vehicles without completing the chassis models. For example: car, bus loading - body, semi-trailer, class 2 or three types of chassis, and some trucks. 5.7 vehicle identification code (VIN) Carved should fill in the actual fighting vehicle identification code (VIN). 5.8 Engine, Motor vehicles should be used, the engine (including engine models and engine numbers). Modified cars, semi-trailer, without completing the engine. 5.9 Engine Model Engine models should be complete integrity code. Semi-trailer, modified car without completing the engine models. 5.10 types of fuel Fuel types of vehicles should be in accordance with the actual type of fuel used to fill in the corresponding Chinese characters, fuel types can be divided into gasoline, diesel, hybrid oil, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, steam days dual fuel, vapor-liquid dual fuel, diesel-day dual fuel, diesel-liquid dual fuel, methanol, ethanol, electricity, and solar energy . Semi-trailer, modified car without completing the types of fuel. 5.11 emission standards Based on the test should be completed by the existing national standard number and year format: GB standards of a year. For example: GB 18352.2-2001. Semi-trailer, modified products without completing the vehicle emission standards. 5.12 displacement (mL) and power (kW) Should complete engine displacement (units mL) and power (kW units). Semi-trailer, modified car without completing the displacement or power. 5.13 to form Shall fill out the "steering wheel." Semi-trailer, car products without modification to the form filled out. 5.14 Wheelbase (before / after) Followed by the location axle fill Wheelbase, the middle "/" segregation; Frontline two-axle layout should be in accordance with "the same line wheelbase + uniaxial Wheelbase" approach to fill, flat mm. Modified car without completing Wheelbase. Several tire 5.15 The installation should be completed in the total number of vehicles on the tires (not including your spare wheel). Modified car tires without completing a few. 5.16 tire specifications Before and after the tire with the same specifications, can only fill one; Before and after the specifications do not tire at the same time, should be "front tire models / rear tire models" to fill in the form. Modified car without completing tire specifications. A few leaf spring tablets 5.17 The leaf springs used vehicles should be in line with "front axle leaf spring tablets / rear axle leaf spring tablets / axle leaf spring-third of" unilateral leaf spring type fill several films, non-leaf spring with the "one." Deputy spring by the main structure of the vehicle leaf spring, in accordance with the "principal deputy reed few + reed few" fill in the form, flat film. Do not use leaf springs for vehicles, cars, modified cars without completing the spring-plate number. 5.18 wheelbase The wheelbase vehicles should be used for multi-axle vehicles, respectively, should fill in between two adjacent shaft wheelbase, between the "+" separating units mm. Modified car without completing the wheelbase. 5.19 axle few The shaft should fill in a few vehicles. Modified car without completing the shaft few. 5.20, profile size (length x width x height) The vehicles should be used, profile size, flat mm. Three types of chassis without completing high. 5.21 invisible internal dimensions (length x width x height) Farm vehicles should have to fill in the carriage house size vehicles, units mm. Cars, buses, class 2 or three chassis sizes without completing the carriage house. Total Quality 522 Vehicles should fill in the total quality, flat kg. Quality Rated contained 5.23 Rated contained shall fill out the quality, flat kg. Cars, buses, class 2 or three types of chassis, not used for loading goods vehicles are not required to fill in the rated quality. 5.24 Corvette Should complete vehicle windscreen, flat kg. The utilization factor of 5.25 set Quality should complete set of coefficients, the formula is as follows: Contains quality utilization factor = loading quality (Quality + rated rated crew contained quality) (kg) / vehicle equipment quality (kg) Cars, buses, semi-trailer, class 2 or three chassis contains no need to fill in the quality of the utilization factor. 5.26 quasi-total quality traction When vehicles with traction functions should be filled out prospective traction total quality, flat kg. 5.27 rated capacity Rated should fill in the number of passengers (including the driver), the unit people. Truck, semi-trailer, class 2 or three chassis without completing the rated capacity. 5.28 Semi-trailer saddle the maximum allowable total quality Products and semi-trailer tractor saddle should fill the maximum allowable total quality, flat kg. 5.29 x number of prospective cab Based on the "front-room by room number + x number of other quasi-row" form filled out by prospective cab number (excluding sleeper Approved), the unit people. Cars, buses, semi-trailer, three chassis-cab by not completing the number. 5.30 vehicle production date Vehicles should fill in the production date, format for years, for example, on March 3, 2003. 5.31 maximum speed Vehicles should fill in the maximum speed units km / h. 5.32 two-dimensional bar code "Vehicle technical parameters of the registration table" in the use of the two-dimensional bar code should be consistent with GB/T18284-2000 requirements. 5.33 Remarks The tank cars, tank should be filled out an effective volume; Grid positions for the car, should fill positions Farm gate at the bottom to the top height; If the vehicle option, in the "Remarks" be annotated. The scope option, for example as follows: -- Doors and windows of the structure and volume changes (such as after the double-door, unilateral or bilateral open the door, push-pull or integral side, the top window, etc.); Lamps, mirrors the pattern changes; Overhead air conditioning; Specialized uses for the vehicle display (such as the Special Purpose Vehicle season, bus routes indicators, and so on); Bumper change; overhead luggage rack; car baggage staircase; the roof dome; MTL or tank below the toolbox; Type your spare wheel, shoulder; the vehicle decorative pieces of changes (such as decals, body graphics and text, markers, round brows and radiator mask styles, rear spoilers ). -- Van vehicles Body Structure unchanged, the total mass similar circumstances, its chilled or insulation of special facilities or devices used materials (such as aluminum sheet, plate, glass plate, stainless steel plate, etc.) changes. -- In the same type of stereotyping the second category chassis converted dump truck, the shape of their containers, railway carriage tilted way, tilt Lifting bodies such as structural form changes.

CAR-QC / T 25-2004 car dry friction clutch assembly technical conditions (1)

Dry friction clutch-type automobile assembly technical conditions -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Scope 1 The standards for the automobile dry friction clutch assembly (including the built-driven assembly and assembly, hereafter referred to clutch) terms and definitions, technical requirements, test methods, testing rules, signs, packaging, transport and storage. This Standard applies to automobile dry friction clutch. 2 normative documents cited The following documents in the articles cited by the standards have become the standard provisions. All documents cited date of the Note, all its subsequent amendments alone (not including the contents of Correction) or revised edition of this standard are not applicable. However, under this standard to encourage the parties to reach an agreement on whether to use the latest version of these documents. Note date are not in the quoted document, and its latest version of the standard applicable to this. QC / T 27-2004 car dry friction clutch assembly bench test method 3 terminology and definitions The following terms and definitions apply to this standard. Separation 3.1 release travel itinerary The required condition, clutch engagement to fully complete from the time of separation from that (pole) itinerary. Separation of the 3.2 release load Separation process, the isolation imposed on the cover assembly that (pole) side of the force. 3.3-lift pressure out Isolation itinerary specified conditions, the work pressure-plane displacement of the points minimum. 3.4 of pressure-pressure plate parallelism tilt Isolation itinerary specified conditions, the work pressure-plane displacement of the points in the difference between the maximum and minimum value. 3.5 coefficient of sliding friction sliding coefficient of friction Isolated from the clutch engagement process, the pressure and friction disc surface film to be completely friction between the surface bonding period, sliding friction torque corresponding to the coefficient of friction. 3.6 Isolation drag torque drag torque The required condition, a follower disc assembly provides both the distance between parallel plates, driven rotating disk assembly can free the minimum torque. 3.7 Isolation drag itinerary free movement The required condition, a follower disk assembly between two parallel plates, the requirement imposed follower disk assembly torque, driven rotating disk assembly can free the two parallel plates with minimum spacing requirements of the state load clamping distance of the poor. 3.8 Anti-Burn a performance adhesive behavior The required temperature, humidity, a clutch Anti-Burn capacity. 3.9 axial compression of cushion resilience The pre-load in a certain premise follower disk assembly imposed on the axial load, the change of its thickness. 3.10 axial compression characteristics cushion deflection characteristic The pre-load in a certain premise follower disk assembly imposed on the axial load, and its thickness changes in the relationship between the axial load. 4 technical requirements 4.1 features cover assembly Isolation refers to 4.1.1 (pole) and the installation of a high degree of deviation from that (pole) end of beating The required condition, Isolation refers to build assembly (pole) and the installation of a high degree of deviation of beating End Table 1 should be not more than the corresponding number Value. Table 1 refers to the separation cover assembly (pole) and the installation of a high degree of deviation is specified numerical End beating mm 4.1.2 separation and isolation of the trip Isolation and separation of the trip should meet the technical documentation requirements. 4.1.3 load characteristics Load characteristics should comply with technical documentation requirements. 4.1.4 pressure out - Pressure-out should meet the technical documentation requirements. 4.1.5 pressure tilt of the disc Pressure should be set in line with the tilt of technical documentation requirements. 4.1.6 unbalance The maximum allowable imbalance of 50 M1 (g mm). M1 cover assembly for the quality of a few kilograms. When M1 is less than 3 kg, the maximum allowable amount for the imbalance of 150 g mm. 4.2 follower disk assembly features 4.2.1 axial compression characteristics The axial compression characteristics should be in line with technical documentation requirements. 4.2.2 thickness deviation and parallelism In require clamping force, driven disc assembly and the thickness of the parallel degree deviation in Table 2 should be consistent with the provisions. Table 2 follower disk assembly deviation and the thickness of the parallel provisions of numerical mm 4.2.3 reverse the damping characteristics Vibration characteristics should be consistent with reverse the technical documentation requirements. 4.2.4 Separation drag torque Isolation should not drag torque greater than the numerical Table 3 provides. Table 3 provides numerical separation drag torque 4.2.5 Separation drag itinerary Provisions for drag torque in Table 3 of the numerical conditions, the trip should be towed from not more than the technical documentation requirements set minimum pressure Lift. 4.2.6 unbalance The maximum allowable quantity imbalance of 120 M2 (g mm). M2 follower disk assembly for the quality of a few kilograms. When M2 is less than 1.5 kg, the maximum allowable imbalance of 1.8 g mm. 4.2.7 coefficient of sliding friction Various types of clutch requested by the coefficient of sliding friction should be consistent with provisions in Table 4. Table 4 provisions of the coefficient of sliding friction 4.2.8 wear resistance 4.2.8.1 by 320 ° C heat load tests, and another 1,000 4,000 Clutch cycle, there must be no friction on the surface crack, foaming, rivet outcrop, and other phenomena. 4.2.8.2 by 320 ° C heat load tests, and another 4,000 1,000 th off circle, friction wear tablets should be allowed to comply with the provisions in Table 5.

CAR-GB 18564-2001 Motor Transport of Dangerous Goods pressure liquid containers (tanks) general technical conditions (1)

All of the technical content standards mandatory. Shipment of this standard technical requirements of flammable liquid tank is the main basis for GB 9419-1988, other technical requirements through investigation and study, summarized, summing up the national standards and related enterprises Detection Point Detection report on. This standard Appendix A, Appendix B is suggested that the appendices. The standards proposed by the People's Republic of China Ministry of Communications. By this standard Highway Traffic Division centralized. This standard is responsible for the drafting units: Traffic Institute of Science and Technology, China Road Transport Association, Tianjin Pathogen Technology Limited. Shanghai chemical goods vehicle transport company, Shanghai Land Transport Management Department, the Transport Management Bureau in Tianjin, Hangzhou Special Purpose Vehicle build plants participated in the drafting. The drafters of the major standards: Guomaowei, Zhi-Liang Zhu, ZHAO He Tak-shing, Zhang Cheng, Li Li Xian Chen locks, Tan Shanglin, HE Zhiqiang. Chinese National Standards Motor Transport of Dangerous Goods pressure liquid containers (tanks) GM technical conditions GB 18564-2001 General specification for normal pressure tank body Of transportation liquid dangerous goods -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Scope 1 This standard provides motor transport liquid dangerous goods pressure containers (tanks) (hereinafter referred to the tank) technical requirements for the test methods and testing rules. This Standard applies to work for the atmospheric pressure, the design temperature for normal temperature conditions, and the physical and chemical characteristics of the liquid contained in the different material to the motor transport liquid dangerous goods tank. 2 cited standards The following criteria contained in the provisions of this standard through the use of form-based standards and provisions. Publication of this standard, the version shown are valid. All standard will be revised to use this standard the parties should explore the use of the latest version of the following criteria possibility. GB 190-1990 signs of dangerous goods packaging GB / T 539-1995 oil resistance asbestos rubber plate GB / T 3181-1995 Film color standard GB / T 3854-1983 fiber reinforced plastics Papanicolaou (Bakeer) hardness test method GB / T 8237-1987 Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) using liquid unsaturated polyester resin GB 9419-1988 GM light vehicle fuel tank technology GB 12268-1990 dangerous goods Name Table GB 13365-1992 motor vehicle exhaust Mars extinguished Performance requirements and test methods GB 13392-1990 road transport of dangerous goods vehicle signs HG / T 2183-1991 dilute acid-base-resistant rubber hose JB / T 5943-1991 welding pieces of construction machinery GM technical conditions JB / T 4735-1997 welded steel pressure vessel JT / T 230-1995 car electrostatic rubber trailer Strip I. QC / T 484-1999 car paint coating Definition 3 This standard adopts the following definition. 3.1 tank tank body Referring to the cylinder, head, Manhole, Note entrance discharge mouth, and so must be installed and other posed by the Annex to the loading liquid cargo and closed containers assembly, volume greater than 0.45 m3. 3.2 metal tank metal tank body The main means used carbon steel, acid-proof stainless steel, aluminum or aluminum alloy sheet produced by the tank. 3.3 Non-metallic tank non-metallic tank body The main means of glass fiber reinforced plastics produced by the tank. 3.4 atmospheric normal pressure Referring to the work pressure of not more than 72 kPa. 3.5 at room temperature normal atmospheric temperature Referring to normal atmospheric pressure, the metal tank environment temperature range of -40 ° C to +50 ° C, non-metallic tank to -20 ° C to +40 ° C. Four technical conditions 4.1 tank basic requirements 4.1.1 tank should be consistent with the standards require, in accordance with prescribed procedures approved drawings and technical meaning of manufacture. 4.1.2 volume of the tank design, should take full account of the density of liquid in the tank and dignity, and the quality and vehicle match. 4.1.3 raw materials, purchased parts should comply with the relevant provisions of the standard, and factory certification, all components must be examined and passed by the assembly. 4.1.4 Rubber products should be corrosion-resistant and oil resistance, respectively, in line with its performance should HG / T 2183 and GB / T 539 requirements. The cross section 4.1.5 tank for oval, rectangular or circular arc belt. 4.1.6 metal tank requirements 4.1.6.1 should be used tank head Xin Bian - head, dished head, elliptical head, does not allow use of fold-head. 4.1.6.2 head with a welding tank to be used long-wide butt welding joints form, does not allow use of fillet weld. 4.1.6.3 tank liquid contained in the material should be adapted to the nature of the corrosion resistance, corrosion rate should be not more than 0.5 mm / year. Closes material contained in the tank and liquid compatibility see Appendix A (suggested that the appendix), if not mentioned in Appendix A shipment of the liquid, the reference to Appendix A similar liquid. 4.1.6.4 tank surface vertical straightness of lines, within 1 m of not more than 5 mm, length of the rated capacity of not more than 12 m3 tank, not more than 12 mm; The greater than 12 m3 tank, not more than 15 mm. 4.1.6.5 assembly and docking, adjacent longitudinal weld tube section or the distance between the head and weld endpoint adjacent longitudinal weld tube section between the distance, should be not less than 100 mm. 4.1.6.6 and tanks on the welding repair welding, should be consistent with JB / T 4735 requirements. 4.1.6.7 tank inside and outside surface should have no cracks, scratches or corrosion pits obvious injury, such as defects, grinding the depth of the materials used should not exceed the thickness of the negative deviation value. 4.1.7 Non-metallic tank requirements 4.1.1.1 tank materials should be consistent with GB / T 8237 requirements. 4.1.7.2 tank cross section should be round or oval. 4.1.7.3 tank structure of multi-storey composite structure should be adopted by the lining layer, strength layer, the outer surface layer composition. Lining layer by layer and the inner surface composition. 4.1.7.4 contained in the tank with liquid material should match the physical and chemical characteristics. Lining materials for the surface layer enhance carpets, resin content should be greater than 85%. The thickness of 0.5 mm; The inner enhanced materials chopped strand mat and resin content of greater than 70%; The thickness of 2.0 to 2.5 mm. 4.1.7.5 strength resin layer can be made of corrosion-resistant material, fiberglass Twistless thick gauze. Using glass filament winding process, the resin content should be controlled in 30% ~ 35%; Using handmade, the resin content should be 60% to 70%. According to determine the thickness of strength design. 4.1.7.6 should be used in the surface layer of fine Weathering the unsaturated polyester resin as a matrix, when the thickness less than 0.16 mm using glass fiber Dimensional Surface carpet or glass fiber particular twist coarse gauze for enhanced materials, resin content should be greater than 55%, the thickness should be 2. O ~ 2.5mm. 4.1.7.7 oval cans length of the tank cross section axial ratio of not more than 2. 4.1.7.8 head should adopt the ellipsoid-head with its highly appropriate for the short half-axle tank cross section of 1 / 4, but not less than 250 mm. 4.1.7.9-head between the tank and the floor of arc transition, its radius of curvature of not less than 40 mm. 4.1.7.10 the appearance of the tank to be met: the formation bright and clean surface in the tank, mixing with no impurities, no fiber exposed, without visual visible cracks, scratches, defects and shortcomings, such as whitening stratification in the admission (30 × 30) mm2 area of the largest diameter of 4 mm bubbles not more than five, the formation of the surface should be smooth, without the exposed fibers, no uneven color of bubble and serious phenomenon. 4.1.7.11 tank factory Pap test surface hardness value should reach 34 above, the thickness should meet design requirements, there must be no negative tolerance. 4.1.8 tank wall thickness requirements 4.1.8.1 metal tank wall thickness requirements A) using carbon steel and stainless steel manufactured acid tank, the minimum wall thickness should be consistent with the provisions of Table 1. Table 1 carbon steel and stainless steel tanks minimum wall thickness acidproof Tank design capacity / m3 rated capacity / m3 minimum wall thickness / mm of additional corrosion of 1) / mm <11 <9.6 4 1 11 ~ 24 ~ 22 5 1 9.6 ~ 24 ~ 30 22 28 6 1 1) Corrosion additional volume: consists of three parts, namely plate (of) negative deviations, corrosion margin 1), thinning of the processing. 2) corrosion margin: According to the components of liquid material corrosion rate and the design life of the equipment set. B) Use of aluminum and aluminum alloy manufacturing anticorrosion tank, the minimum thickness of 5 mm. 4.1.8.2 use of glass fiber reinforced plastic tank minimum wall thickness should be consistent with the provisions of Table 2. Table 2 glass fiber reinforced plastic tank minimum wall thickness Volume / m3 ≤ 2 2 ~ ~ 6 6 4 4 8 8 ~ 10 ~ 10 ~ 15 Wall thickness / mm 10 12 13 15 18 20 4.2 The pressure tank requirements 4.2.1 flammable liquid in the tank GB 9419-1988 assembly shall meet the provisions of paragraph 4.16.6. 4.2.2 contained in the water-reactive liquid and severe corrosion of highly toxic liquid metal or metal composite tank assembly, under the pressure of 72 kPa, there must be no leakage and permanent deformation. 4.2.3 glass fiber reinforced plastic tank full of water available 48 hours hydrostatic test, or the equivalent of costumes of the hydrostatic pressure test, there must be no leakage and permanent deformation. 4.3 tank surface paint and decals 4.3.1 tank in the paint surface quality should be in line with QC / T 484 requirements, color should be consistent with the provisions of Table 3. All ferrous metal shall be exposed to treated with preservatives.

CAR-Auto Body CAN Bus Control System

I. Introduction CAN Bus CAN Bus German Bosch company Hyundai Motor in order to solve the many control and test equipment and data exchange between the development of a serial data communication protocol. It is a multi-Main Bus, communications medium can be Twisted-pair, coaxial cable or fiber optics, communication rates up to 1 Mbps, range up to 10 km. CAN one of the greatest feature of the agreement is the abolition of the traditional address coding and replaced by blocks of the communications data encoded so that the number of nodes in the network theoretically unlimited. The CAN bus error correction capability has strong support differential transceivers, thus suitable for high-interference environment, and have a longer transmission distance. Therefore, the CAN protocol for distributed measurement and control many areas very attractive. With IC SCM in the car and the wider use of the car more and more electronic control modules, automotive electric bus has become the vehicle of an inevitable trend. Not only can be used to simplify vehicle bus Harness, what is more important is to increase the variety of intelligent function. If the fault detection and voice alarm, and so on. Second, the CAN bus automotive applications At present the car at the main network connectivity using two CAN, a drive system for the high-speed CAN, the rate reached 500 kb / s; Another Body System for Low Speed CAN, the rate is 100 kb / s. CAN drive system is the main target of linking engine controller (ECU), the ABS controller, airbag controllers, combination instrument and so on, they are the basic characteristics of the same, with vehicle traffic control are directly related to the system. CAN main body system connectivity and control of the car inside and outside lighting, light signals, wiper motors and other electrical appliances. At present, the drive system and the body system CAN CAN two independent bus design between the "gateway" to achieve in all resource-sharing between the CAN and data bus all the information back to the dashboard display. Motorists only have to look at the dashboard, one can know whether the various electronic control devices normal work. Third, the Shanghai Tongji car with McNair Technology Co., Ltd. CAN Bus Body Control System With McNair car body CAN Bus CAN bus control system through the body to control electrical appliances, such as cars external lighting, light signals, wiper motors, washing motor, speakers, start motor, after the defrost heater, require lock actuators, fuel tank cover lock actuator, the window of a car after endoscopy and other devices. The entire control system can be used combination of centralized and scattered control mode. A master module, as well as several voice from the control module in the control module. From the control module controlled by the specific number of how many decisions. Generally control module can be divided into before and after control module, glass movements control module, electric rearview mirror control module, electric sunroof control module and electric seat control module. In addition to the main control module boxes around, since several other modules into systems and through LIN bus communication with the main control module to achieve various control functions, such as voice in the control module through LIN bus from the main control module to read all kinds of fault information to the voice of the driver and sends the information sent to the maximum security lock the car Control module for landing and taking off of the glass and read electric sunroof, lock car in the midway achieve glass skylight and the shut down automatically, but also electric mirrors and windows of the centralized control switch signal transmission through the LIN bus to the controller to achieve the corresponding control. Each module implementation of the specific power relay device can be used or intelligent power device, a smart power devices can reduce the volume control box, and has over-current, short-circuit protection and interrupted feedback, and other functions. System integration of fault detection and alarm functions and voice remote control, anti-theft features, and enhanced vehicle control of the intelligent, humane, simplify vehicle Harness, improve electric system reliability. Foundation framework: the basis of the framework of the entire system from the main control module, the front modules, car module consists of a total of three. Body control of the majority of its electrical, functional diagram, see the basic framework. Fourth, the Shanghai Tongji body with McNair Technology Co., Ltd. advantage CAN Bus System (1) simplification of the whole power supply system to facilitate electrical wiring Because of the change in control method and the use of the electronic switches, relays and canceled most Fusing silk. Vehicle Harness reduced by 20% to 40% (engine line essentially unchanged, the former Wai line reduced by 20% to 30%, the bottom line by 30% to 40%). (B) The safe and reliable performance Intelligent electronic modules used in the relay switch replaced, the drive to achieve non-contact, reduce electromagnetic interference, and extended service life. Since the return module used within the fuse to replace the fuse wire, with overload protection and automatic recovery functions. Fault diagnosis can be conducted, alarm and records. Electric is to ensure the reliability of the vehicle, and enhanced maintainability. Such as: filament url will remind drivers to replace. Switches send signals to the main control module through the current very low switching (mA level), significantly extend the service life of the switch. (C) Intelligent Control Add in the minimal hardware can be achieved where many intelligent functions. For example, the software can be realized through the headlamps delay shutdown function, does not have the automatic shutdown after defrosting actuator increase delay shutdown function, and can be detected battery voltage and low-voltage alarm automatic shutdown with high-power electrical function. Add a light sensor can achieve automatic control headlamps function. (D) highly scalable Every addition of a new electrical appliances, automobiles Harness must re-development. Using CAN bus, the new appliances can be easily articulated in the system, the need to change only a small amount of Harness. (5) simplify the production process and reduce the cost of production The bus system configuration flexibility, easy expansion, when modified to increase electrical appliances or vehicles, and only a small amount of software changes and Harness. Even in the development of new models, as long as doing a small amount of change also. (Vi) lower maintenance, maintenance costs The bus system onboard fault detection, alarm and recording functions, the vehicle electrical system maintenance and repair is very convenient. Vehicle plants can reduce maintenance personnel training and the purchase of equipment and other costs. V. Development Status and Prospects Overseas, the vehicle bus technology has been basically formed a unified standard hardware interface has been unified, chip has been established, mass production. Many of the current domestic automotive electronics manufacturers in the development of CAN bus system, all products are rolled out. For China, and it is a car-bus sunrise industry, has boundless prospects; Believe bus system in China would not be long before universal application.

CAR-A correct understanding of ABS

Before consumers buy cars, both have ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) as an important indicator. Along with technological development, at present, most of China's car has ABS as standard equipment. But for ABS understanding of the proper use and how many drivers is not very clear, even on ABS there have been some misunderstandings. Some drivers think that ABS braking distance is shortened devices, equipment ABS any road vehicles in the braking distance certainly not equipped than the ABS braking distance to short, or even that it was wrong on the road in the snow with the braking distance on the asphalt pavement in the braking distance is; Some drivers if equipped with ABS that, even in the rain or snow high-speed traffic on the roads, there will be no loss of control phenomenon. The current series of safe driving theme is correct understanding and use of ABS. ABS is not, as some people might think, greatly improve the physical properties of the limit. Strictly speaking, the main function of ABS in the physical limits of performance, ensure that brake when the vehicle itself maneuverability and stability. Application ABS ABS (Anti-lock Brake System) that is, "Anti-lock braking system," to maintain effective control of wheel rotation in the state and improve the stability of vehicle braking, poor road conditions and vehicle braking performance. Through the installation of the ABS wheel or in the drive shaft speed sensor continuously measured wheel speed, calculated by the computer then wheel slip ratio and the slip ratio and ideal compared to the increase or decrease Brake pressure decisions, orders implementing agencies promptly adjust brake pressure to maintain in the ideal state of the wheel brake. ABS first time in 1906, was awarded the patent in 1936 Bosch registered a motor vehicle wheels Locking prevent the "machinery" patent. Early designs all have the same problem: too complicated and vulnerable due to lead to failure, and that they operate too slowly. In 1947 the world's first set of ABS systems used on the B-47 bombers. Teldix company in 1964 started to study this project, the Bosch ABS study soon to take over all. Within two years, the first batch of test vehicles have ABS braking distance shortened with the function. Turning to the vehicles and stability were also assured, but the application was about 1,000 analog devices and safety switches, which means that a system known as the ABS electronic control unit reliability and durability of mass production is inadequate to satisfy the requirements needed to be improved. Bosch in the electronic engine management process of the development of the technology, digital technology and integrated circuits (ICs) to the advent of electronic components to reduce the number of 140. 1968 ABS started to look for the car. Since 1975 the United States Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 121, the adoption of many heavy trucks and buses equipped with ABS, brake system because many technical issues and truck industry's opposition, in 1978 withdrew this standard. The same year, Bosch, the world's first launch of the ABS electronic control systems, ABS 2 of this set will start the installation as a matching system configuration and assembly in the Mercedes - Mercedes-Benz S-Class car, and then soon equipped with the BMW 7 Series in the luxury sedan. During this period the United States after further study and ABS design work less, but Europe and Japan continue to manufacturer painstakingly researched and ABS. Enter After the 1980s, the United States imported cars equipped with ABS, the United States automobile factory to the United States automobile market, the ABS show new interest. Along with the rapid development of microelectronic technology and automobile traffic safety people on the strong demand of ABS devices in the world automobile industry has been further wide-scale application. In 1987 the United States about 3% of the cars equipped with ABS very reliable. In the ensuing time, the focus on research and development to simplify the system. In 1989, Bosch engineers succeeded in a mixed control unit directly attached to a hydraulic module. So they will be no need to connect the control unit and hydraulic module Harness, and need not plug, significantly reduced the overall weight of ABS 2E. Bosch engineers in 1993, the use of the new solenoid valve created ABS 5.0, and in later years developed version 5.3 and 5.7. A new generation of the main characteristics of ABS 8 is once again greatly reduced weight, reduced volume, increased memory, and an increase of more features such as electronic brake pressure distribution, which replaced the rear axle braking pressure to reduce the mechanical bodies. Then some auto industry analysts prediction proved true: By the mid-1990s, the majority of the world market for cars and trucks will be equipped with ABS. ABS function ABS's main role is to improve the vehicle's braking performance and improve traffic safety, and prevented in the process of braking wheels Locking (that is, stop rolling), thus ensuring that the driver can control in the braking, direction and to prevent rear axle sideslip. Its working principle is: emergency brake, mounted on the wheel rely on the high sensitivity of the wheel speed sensor, once found a wheel Locking, the computer immediately allows the control pressure regulator Brake Cylinder round of pressure relief, restoration of the wheel rotation to prevent wheel Locking purposes. ABS's work process actually "Locking - loosened - Locking - loosened" cycle process, so that vehicles still in a critical gap Locking rolling state, effectively overcome by the emergency brake when the vehicle wheels Locking deviation, sideslip, tail flick phenomena, such as to prevent uncontrolled body the occurrence. ABS types can be divided into mechanical and electronic-two. Mechanical ABS simple structure, the main use of its own internal structure to simple conditioning system dynamic effects. The working principle of a simple device, no sensor feedback to the road, such as friction and wheel speed signal, relying entirely on pre-defined data to work, whether it is water surface, ice or mud road pavement and good cement asphalt pavement, and its working methods is the same. Strictly speaking, this ABS can only be called "High braking system (Advanced Brake System)." At present, only some domestic pickups, and other low-end models still in use mechanical ABS. ABS is used mechanical components to the physical characteristics of the mechanical movements, the electronic-ABS is using computer analysis of the various data and the outcome of the operation. Electronic ABS by the wheel speed sensor, Harness, computers, ABS hydraulic pump, light, and other components constitute. Each wheel according to the wheel speed sensor signal, each computer on wheels respectively impose different dynamic system, so as to achieve scientific and rational distribution system dynamic effects. The ABS system for the first two systems. The so-called two ABS system that is installed in the two rear wheels on the car. As the two rear wheels of a common hydraulic brake pipe and a control valve, also known as a "single-channel control system." This system is based on two wheels after the adhesion of the state to the smaller wheel brake pressure selected, it was referred to as "low-election principle." In other words, the principle of using low-election of a rear-wheel ABS vehicles have Locking trend, the system only to the two rear wheels at the same time pressure relief. No view of the front wheel anti-lock function, thus, two systems difficult to achieve the best braking effect. Along with the development of related technologies, but a "three-channel control system", the system is based on two systems, the two front wheels of the pipeline by two separate independent control. Although rear-wheel or a "low-election principle," but as a result of the emergency brake to prevent rear axle steering function and the function of sideslip, so this modern ABS systems have the main features. So far, there are three such vehicles using the control channel ABS system. At present, the equipment in vehicles is the most common four-sensor four-channel ABS system, are independent of each wheel hydraulic pipeline and the solenoid valve control, we can achieve a single wheel independent control. Such a structure to achieve good anti-lock function. Out of ABS Mistakes ABS those in the very beginning of the misunderstanding, needs an explanation. If the car when Locking wheels in the braking, the car can be lateral adhesion is the minimum. At this time, due to road adhesion coefficient imbalance, the vehicle braking force imbalance, the imbalance suspension, tire pressure, the road bends, or bumpy slope and other factors may have occurred vehicle sideslip, tail flick or out of control. In addition, since the front wheel Locking vehicles, cars will lose steering ability. The excellent performance of a vehicle anti-lock brake system, brake when the vehicle wheels can slip rate control in 20% to 30%, under the wheels in such a state able to combine the relative power of the largest longitudinal and lateral grip, effectively guarantee that the vehicles will not happen out of control situation. In addition, the front wheels do not Locking in the circumstances, as have some grip, cars can be carried out in accordance with the wishes of the driver steering and thus control vehicles. In order to control wheel slip ratio in the ideal state, the stability of the pursuit vehicles may sacrifice some of the vertical system of power. Therefore, the ABS works, not on the road all the braking distance will be shortened. Icy road, as provided by the ground surface adhesion smaller than many. ABS only on the basis of this regulation adhesion vehicle braking force, the brake will not produce additional factors. Therefore, in the ice and snow on the roads than the braking distance can only say that when Locking wheels shorter than the normal braking distance on the roads or much longer. Actual road is very complicated, such as: road adhesion coefficient uneven road surface curvature or horizontal gradient, and even car tire pressure, and other car its own reasons, a number of factors can have a car when braking sideslip in the campaign trends, these factors are not ABS itself can be overcome. Therefore, if an icy road at excessive speed on the emergency brake, encountered one of the factors mentioned above, when the vehicle ground to provide centrifugal force greater than the maximum lateral force, so that vehicles will be formed out of control trend, and this is very dangerous. In short, any equipment is not omnipotent, the driver must pass their own initiative to achieve safe driving. Even the excellent performance of ABS and stability in the work of state vehicles is limited effect, especially on the road or snow on the roads, but should maintain a distance of the full, slow trip slowdown, we should not be dependent on ABS system. ABS use common sense Now all the passenger cars are basically the installation of the ABS system, the initiative to enhance the safety performance of vehicles play a very great role, but if used improperly, the effect will be little. Here, we use the ABS principle summarized in the "four to seven not." Fourth, we must 1. We should always stay brake pedal not relax in order to guarantee adequate and sustainable system, to enable ABS to function effectively. 2. To maintain adequate security from the car. Under normal circumstances, should not be lower than the minimum distance to 50 m, when the speed exceeds 50 km / h, with a distance of the smallest numerical same speed as 100 km / h for a distance of at least 100 m, 120km / h, the smallest for a distance of 120 m. 3. Prior to familiar with ABS, and make our own work on the ABS brake pedal jitter are prepared and adaptability. 4. Prior to read vehicle drivers manual, which will further understanding of the installation of ABS car provided by the manufacturers instructions. Not 7 1. ABS will not think that we can have arbitrary driving. ABS is not absolute insurance, and in high speed turning Drastic circumstances, if excessive vehicle braking too radical, it will still have a car sideslip. Therefore, even if your car with ABS, you still need to caution motorists. 2. Do not use the "sa" braking. Vehicles not equipped with ABS in the wet and slippery road conditions and high speed implemented under braking, the need for a "selectively" approach is safe braking purposes. After fitted with ABS and, as ABS braking force can be automatically adjusted, in the implementation of emergency braking, they can put in the end will not loosened stamping on the pedals, not to worry Locking wheels slipping, or they will greatly extend the braking distance. 3. ABS jitter not to be deterred. ABS at work, it will hear the noise, noise from the hydraulic control system of electromagnetic valves and hydraulic pump at work, and not think that the brake system defects and a panic, not to pin removed from the brake pedal, the brake pedal at this time still to death and Watch it. 4. Not to be ignored ABS indicator of the screening test. Under normal circumstances, according to Qualcomm ignition switch, the lights should be bright; After about three seconds automatically extinguished. This process is in essence an electronic control device in the self-inspection procedures by the wheel sensors, hydraulic control valve regulator for the electricity checks If this has not bright lights, the ABS defected. 5. ABS light is not extinguished when not panic. When the ABS failure in the lane, Anti-lock Braking System automatic braking system Circuit original linked to the original car braking system still work, but no ABS, attention to the maintenance on it. 6. ABS not secretly manipulate the computer unit. If the computer found fault, ABS should replace the entire unit. 7. For equipped with ABS, but that converted vehicles to enter the removable ABS brake pipe and the nut connecting module.

Photoelectric sensor and path based on the vehicle navigation system memory (1)

Introduction In response to the Ministry of Education on strengthening the college students the sense of innovation and the spirit of cooperation and innovation capability to the call of Culture, Tsinghua University automotive engineering team up actively participated in the first session "Freescale" Cup National Intelligent Vehicle Invitational college students. From December 2005 began to prepare for the last eight months, has been developed based on the photoelectric sensor 6 substituting the path identification programs, and developed a smart car simulation research platform, based on the proposed algorithm to the path memory and drive control strategy, in power management, noise suppression, driving distinctions all such aspects of the research work carried out by a large number of simulation tests, road tests and basic performance test, photoelectric sensor has been developed based on memory and the smart path to navigation systems, vehicle system for the excellent performance laid a solid foundation. This paper from the Smart car overall program, the path to identify options, and the drive to control and path in areas such as memory algorithm introduced. Second, the overall plan of smart cars Smart car system to Freescale's MC68S912DP256 at the core, by the power modules, sensor module, DC motor drive modules, steering motor control module, control parameter selection modules, SCM modules, and other components, as shown in figure 1. Smart car system operates from 1.6V, 5V, 7.2V combination of the three systems, of which 7.2 V used to drive motors and power steering gear shift, 5 V to speed sensors, photoelectric sensor and MCU reception of electricity, 1.6 V power supply to the glass . On-line control to facilitate the adjustment of parameters, but also set up a control parameter selection module, the keys can be set up through several, or a different procedure call control parameters to adapt to different venues terms. Figure 1 overall structure of the smart car Smart cars work model: photoelectric sensor detection circuit information, speed sensor detecting the current speed, battery voltage monitoring circuit battery voltage detection, and the importation of SCM information processing. Racing through the control algorithm to control orders issued through the steering servo motor drives the car and the trajectory and speed of real-time control. Smart car competition to obtain good results, model car chassis parameter optimization and hardware equipment reliability is very important. The front wheel positioning parameter optimization, servo arm of force to increase the focus position and chassis adjustment to the mechanical properties baby has a greater impact. Third, identify options and the path circuit design Path program is the first to identify the need to determine, there are the following issues. 1. Photoelectric identification or camera recognition; 2. How sensor with? How much spacing, shape how, single-row or double row; 3. The sensor can detect far forward; 4. Sensor signals using digital or analogue; 5. Circuit on how to achieve. As photoelectric identification program is simple and reliable, this paper used photoelectric identification programs. Fourth, digital and analogue photoelectric photoelectric Recognition Recognition Competition organizers asked for a maximum number of sensors 16, get rid of a speed sensor can be used to detect the path for the 15 sensors, and sensor allows the layout of the total width of 25 cm, if we adopt digital photoelectric sensor uniform distribution, the detection accuracy of the road can only reach about 17 mm This car is progressing very difficult process of achieving a high degree of control accuracy and response speed. In essence, the digital photoelectric sensor disadvantage lies in its path detection lost a large amount of information. Analog photoelectric sensor could theoretically be greatly improved path detection accuracy. Analog photoelectric sensors are luminous and receive certain cone angle conical space, its size and voltage sensors from the black lines marking the path of a quantitative relationship between distance: from the more recent black line, the lower the voltage, from the farther black lines, the higher the voltage (specific relationship with the models, as well as photoelectric the height), as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 sensor voltage and offset distance relationship diagram Therefore, as long as the master of the sensor voltage - migration distance of relations, one can determine the size of the sensor voltage sensor with a black marker line distance (and not just a rough judgment whether the sensor on-line), then obtain body longitudinal axis line relative path marker line position, be the path for the distribution of information. According to real vehicle testing, can improve the accuracy of detection path to 1 mm. This sensor can guarantee that the information collected by the MCU can be accurately track information, so as to improve the precision control of the car provided a guarantee. 5, double-row forward with the design and In this paper the development of the intelligent vehicle performance simulation platform, the layout of the sensors conducted in-depth research. As to the steering, electrical and high-end cars are part of inertial delay from input to output needs a certain amount of time, and the sooner that the road in front of the information, the more they can reduce the input to the output from the delay. Detection car a certain distance in front of the track known as forward-looking, forward-looking in a certain area, the greater the vision sensor program, the speed limit will be higher, the process of moving its high-speed lines follow the guide also relatively high accuracy, the system's overall response to a better performance. Therefore Path Recognition module designed to form a lifted angle with the ground, the front sensors for forward-looking, rear sensors on the track starting point to identify, measure body longitudinal axis line with the centerline of the track bias slope to facilitate better adjust vehicles gesture. To ensure the greatest possible ground clearance photoelectric sensor where there are still large enough luminous intensity, we used high-current pulse triggering control luminescence method. According to the experimental test, in light of the luminous, after approximately 0.5 A of current. If 15 sensors, the instantaneous current of 7.5 A. Such a big battery voltage currents will certainly have a certain impact, to the detriment of the normal operation of the whole system. So before and after the row will Luminescence Sensor time stagger through two sets of trigger circuit to control light. This will effectively reduce the luminous infrared luminescence when the battery voltage shocks. Introduction In response to the Ministry of Education on strengthening the college students the sense of innovation and the spirit of cooperation and innovation capability to the call of Culture, Tsinghua University automotive engineering team up actively participated in the first session "Freescale" Cup National Intelligent Vehicle Invitational college students. From December 2005 began to prepare for the last eight months, has been developed based on the photoelectric sensor 6 substituting the path identification programs, and developed a smart car simulation research platform, based on the proposed algorithm to the path memory and drive control strategy, in power management, noise suppression, driving distinctions all such aspects of the research work carried out by a large number of simulation tests, road tests and basic performance test, photoelectric sensor has been developed based on memory and the smart path to navigation systems, vehicle system for the excellent performance laid a solid foundation. This paper from the Smart car overall program, the path to identify options, and the drive to control and path in areas such as memory algorithm introduced. Second, the overall plan of smart cars Smart car system to Freescale's MC68S912DP256 at the core, by the power modules, sensor module, DC motor drive modules, steering motor control module, control parameter selection modules, SCM modules, and other components, as shown in figure 1. Smart car system operates from 1.6V, 5V, 7.2V combination of the three systems, of which 7.2 V used to drive motors and power steering gear shift, 5 V to speed sensors, photoelectric sensor and MCU reception of electricity, 1.6 V power supply to the glass . On-line control to facilitate the adjustment of parameters, but also set up a control parameter selection module, the keys can be set up through several, or a different procedure call control parameters to adapt to different venues terms. Figure 1 overall structure of the smart car Smart cars work model: photoelectric sensor detection circuit information, speed sensor detecting the current speed, battery voltage monitoring circuit battery voltage detection, and the importation of SCM information processing. Racing through the control algorithm to control orders issued through the steering servo motor drives the car and the trajectory and speed of real-time control. Smart car competition to obtain good results, model car chassis parameter optimization and hardware equipment reliability is very important. The front wheel positioning parameter optimization, servo arm of force to increase the focus position and chassis adjustment to the mechanical properties baby has a greater impact. Third, identify options and the path circuit design Path program is the first to identify the need to determine, there are the following issues. 1. Photoelectric identification or camera recognition; 2. How sensor with? How much spacing, shape how, single-row or double row; 3. The sensor can detect far forward; 4. Sensor signals using digital or analogue; 5. Circuit on how to achieve. As photoelectric identification program is simple and reliable, this paper used photoelectric identification programs. Fourth, digital and analogue photoelectric photoelectric Recognition Recognition Competition organizers asked for a maximum number of sensors 16, get rid of a speed sensor can be used to detect the path for the 15 sensors, and sensor allows the layout of the total width of 25 cm, if we adopt digital photoelectric sensor uniform distribution, the detection accuracy of the road can only reach about 17 mm This car is progressing very difficult process of achieving a high degree of control accuracy and response speed. In essence, the digital photoelectric sensor disadvantage lies in its path detection lost a large amount of information. Analog photoelectric sensor could theoretically be greatly improved path detection accuracy. Analog photoelectric sensors are luminous and receive certain cone angle conical space, its size and voltage sensors from the black lines marking the path of a quantitative relationship between distance: from the more recent black line, the lower the voltage, from the farther black lines, the higher the voltage (specific relationship with the models, as well as photoelectric the height), as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 sensor voltage and offset distance relationship diagram Therefore, as long as the master of the sensor voltage - migration distance of relations, one can determine the size of the sensor voltage sensor with a black marker line distance (and not just a rough judgment whether the sensor on-line), then obtain body longitudinal axis line relative path marker line position, be the path for the distribution of information. According to real vehicle testing, can improve the accuracy of detection path to 1 mm. This sensor can guarantee that the information collected by the MCU can be accurately track information, so as to improve the precision control of the car provided a guarantee. 5, double-row forward with the design and In this paper the development of the intelligent vehicle performance simulation platform, the layout of the sensors conducted in-depth research. As to the steering, electrical and high-end cars are part of inertial delay from input to output needs a certain amount of time, and the sooner that the road in front of the information, the more they can reduce the input to the output from the delay. Detection car a certain distance in front of the track known as forward-looking, forward-looking in a certain area, the greater the vision sensor program, the speed limit will be higher, the process of moving its high-speed lines follow the guide also relatively high accuracy, the system's overall response to a better performance. Therefore Path Recognition module designed to form a lifted angle with the ground, the front sensors for forward-looking, rear sensors on the track starting point to identify, measure body longitudinal axis line with the centerline of the track bias slope to facilitate better adjust vehicles gesture. To ensure the greatest possible ground clearance photoelectric sensor where there are still large enough luminous intensity, we used high-current pulse triggering control luminescence method. According to the experimental test, in light of the luminous, after approximately 0.5 A of current. If 15 sensors, the instantaneous current of 7.5 A. Such a big battery voltage currents will certainly have a certain impact, to the detriment of the normal operation of the whole system. So before and after the row will Luminescence Sensor time stagger through two sets of trigger circuit to control light. This will effectively reduce the luminous infrared luminescence when the battery voltage shocks.

CAR-Virtual tire pressure sensors in vehicles in the Study of Testing

1 Introduction Modern vehicles of the three major electronic information technology basis include: information collection (sensor technology), information transmission (ICT) and information processing (computer technology), the sensor is a modern vehicle electronic products the forefront of information technology. The tire failure and lead to traffic accidents is evoked one of the main reasons for tires, vehicles and the state of the roads accurate and reliable fault tolerance and continuous monitoring, traditional sensor is difficult to accurately completed a complex task, a system based on computer technology and virtual sensors tire of the road friction, road conditions, tire pressure and tire rotation balance, and other parameters. Virtual sensor is based on the sensor hardware and computer platforms, and through software development from, and will use the software to complete the calibration and sensor calibration to achieve the best performance vehicle control. Sensor data acquisition device through access to dollars Reuters machine, the sensor completed by the computer checks the read sensor parameters, sensors installed and recording work. 2 virtual sensor Vehicle Tire virtual sensor hardware, including some of the major computer systems, excellent performance of wheel speed sensor, wheel pressure sensors, as well as connector and instrumentation. Virtual sensors must also include its software package, namely, data processing procedures, compensation procedures and test handling procedures. Virtual Sensor is a signal processing technology, the system can not be used to estimate placed the physical location of the sensor response. Virtual sensors tires on vehicles on the road and can be further friction between the tire, wheel and tire inflation pressure on the balance of factors affecting tire parameters, multi-sensor fusion system will be drawn from the various sensors combined with the information described by observing systems, in order to get more use of a single sensor more accurate, more concrete conclusions. Using computer technology, virtual sensor can be used only ordinary sensors, wheel speed sensor, wheel torque sensor, and motor vehicles CAN bus to transmit information, then under certain computer algorithm, complete vehicle tire friction model calculation to obtain the round of the effective pressure information. The measurement of input and output shown in Figure 1. The start of the study is estimated pavement friction coefficient, and then estimate the wheel pressure. Attachment 3 of the road One vehicle tire model system is based on the ground machinery mechanics theory, the theoretical know: different ground conditions for the attachment coefficient is different. Vehicles driving force attachment coefficient and vehicle tires sliding to the relationship between the rate of Figure 2. As can be seen from Figure: in a certain attachment coefficient, tires slip rate s = 0, and the driving force of the weight of vehicles φ ratio F / G the most, sliding s transfer rate from. Began to increase, φ attachment coefficient increases when vehicle tires slip rate s = 0.10 ~ 0.20, the maximum coefficient of adhesion φ max, if the slip rate continued to increase, attachment coefficient begin to decline. When s tire slip rate reached 100%, occurred entirely tire slip. Slip rate wheels usually defined as the relative speed with the tangential velocity ratio. Their expression for the formula (1). Attachment coefficient φ φ = F / G. The slip rate is very small circumstances, with the rate of car-blading to meet attachment coefficient of linear equations φ = ks, and the characteristics of the tire, and the friction on the road. Based on the above theory, the state vector describing the use of vehicles sliding state, where the vertical stiffness for pre - and post-wheel radius of the poor. The model showed that precise wheel slip ratio is a function of the driving force with a mean μ white noise, the average white noise was mainly due to the different radius around the wheel caused. Speed sensors detect various working on speed ω tires, and from the CAN bus was sent to the engine's torque various tire M, the model solution through computer can access various preliminary tire slip rate and the attachment coefficient. 4 virtual vehicle tire pressure sensor measurement algorithm At present, foreign countries against the virtual tire pressure sensor detection algorithm a lot of research and development projects, for which there are more than 40 patents, most of the standard wheel speed sensor, the main methods are: Vibration analysis algorithm 4.1 Use rubber tires in the road by the impact of the flexibility, speed of the wheels of the spectrum conduct sample analysis, and removal of vehicles from other parts of the vibration caused by the disturbance. Vibration Analysis of the Fast Fourier Transform FFT detection method completed. The basic idea of this method is to tire as a "spring a damper" system. Under the model and inflatable tire pressure, the best general in the vibration frequency between 40-50 Hz, but there are also other higher or lower frequency. Through the different tire vibration research and screening, monitoring its vibration frequency to obtain the values of normal frequency, and detect the non-normal. Whether or FFT model-based methods in the application of vibration analysis, the measurement should be conducted on the speed filtering. Use the least-squares fitting method, reached an. To improve the ratio of the speed of signal interference. Compensation speed signal waveforms clearly show about a 45 Hz vibration mode, as shown in Figure 3. FFT meter and the use of a low rate through the filter can calculate the average cycle diagram, each test can be automatically calculated as shown in Figure 4 peak. Off-line, they can detect 15% of the tire pressure drop, but consider automatically set thresholds and very low error rate warnings, 30% of the tire pressure drop more credible. FFT is a batch of data, a certain time lag. Figure 4 in the use of a lot of 305 test data. The adoption of a second, "a spring damping" model, the calculation of tire pressure with the relevant parameter values Model-based vibration analysis easy introduction fitting method, is given in Figure 5 is the use of least squares fitting that the vibration mode. The use of such filters, we can reliably within 5 s to 30% of the pressure drop. This filter can be at the lowest 1 OOHz frequency data processing, FFT calculation method than decreased significantly. Use one of only 20 Hz operation Kalman filter, the amount of computation in the same circumstances is more than the capacity of RLS. Figure 6 different tire pressure, the Kalman filter estimate the vibration mode, less than 5 times the original amount of computation, this new method detected 15% of the changes in the speed and pressure RLS algorithm for detecting 30% of the same. 4.2 Based on the tire radius of the tire pressure The most common tire pressure calculation is based on the static nonlinear changes in the rate of margin tires, wheels the same size as when the value close to zero. The road surface friction instructions Kalman Filter slip offsets can well reflect the relative radius of the wheel, linear measurement data is the method of noise response insensitive. To offset sliding around the wheel can detect the relative error using Computable yaw-rate filter wheels before and after the relative error, thus calculated wheel radius. Existing methods of pressure on the wheels of most of the wheel speed based on the static tests, based ω1/ω2 = ω3/ω4, feet superscript code for the wheels (left front wheel 1, and the right front 2, 3 left rear, right rear 4). When vehicles uniform linear or circular motion, the vehicle wheel speed equation value is zero. This signals in the form of low-through of not less than 0 with a non-normal deviation, which can use more than the basic point of TPI value. In addition, the nonlinear transform data from the statistical requirements of the sub-state, the lack of flexural strength, different levels of friction, tire wear and so on limiting the reliability of this method. We found that model-based method can well take into account the above, the use of performance significantly. The improved. The basic filter used by the road friction is directed filter (RFI), high-precision yaw rate (HPY), and absolute speed of instructions (AVI) filter, the latter two tire pressure for the determination of relevant information in table 1. When all the gas slowly leaking from the tires, vehicles with the theoretical value of the radius deviation detection equipment can be used diffusion function keys completed. After field testing, for all the methods are compared, come to the conclusion that in a way the final accuracy, rapid response characteristics, strength and computational complexity of the (low-end model and the low sampling frequency), and other aspects of optimal performance. However, under specified circumstances other methods in certain areas can be used as a good supplement, the final algorithm system should be a multi-algorithm combinations. 5 Conclusion Virtual sensor signals through other sensors measured indirectly information, surveying the road and tire adhesion coefficient and tire pressure value, and need special sensor is very expensive. Through accurate measurement of wheel speed signal vehicles, using computer technology can be friction and tire pressure. Attachment coefficient virtual sensor technology is increasingly mature, introduced engineering applications. Virtual tire pressure sensor technologies currently under consideration, based on research methods the virtual vibration sensor technology, and based on the model of the wheel radius virtual sensor technology. But for the complex and volatile external interference factors need to amend CAN Bus information.

CAR-Hybrid Electric Vehicle Performance Optimization Study (2)

Figure 2 shows the iterative optimization process for the plans. From Figure 2 we can see that the initial value calculated from the beginning of the process of change discrete optimization parameters of value, and every point in the calculation of the current constraints, determine whether the conditions to meet the end of iteration, and then through the quadratic programming algorithm for calculating the direction and the next iteration step until the entire optimization process converges to a set of numerical values . Of course, when the value is not bound by the conditions at that time, optimizing the value of the convergence process will not be terminated and overtime. Table 7 through optimized results. Through the optimization process, the result will be optimized for simulation, simulation results obtained as shown in Table 8. From the results we can see that the optimized simulation models to meet the initial set of dynamic premise, to minimize the power system optimization purposes, and this may reduce costs, to some extent, improved vehicle performance. (B) control strategy optimization results EQ6110HEV hybrid electric vehicle is used widely adopted in parallel HEV power-assisted control strategy, the strategy will be electric drive system as a supplemental source, the main engine of a vehicle driven source, using various modes of motor engine optimization work interval, traveling to meet the requirements of car under the conditions to ensure the work of the engine as far as possible, low fuel consumption and low emissions of the ideal region, the electrical output torque of the engine from the "peak", while noting that the battery SOC value will be maintained at a reasonable range. The control strategy in the control parameters in the process of iterative optimization of the situation shown in Figure 3, control strategy optimization results as shown in Table 9, Figure 4 shows the various control parameters and the changes in relations between the target. Figure 5 is the optimal control strategy and the initial control strategy economy comparison. Figure 5 can be seen from the control strategy optimization of the fuel economy of a substantial improvement, 100 km fuel consumption decreased by about 18%. Optimal design achieved the expected goals. V. Conclusion and Outlook This paper EQ6110HEV targeted, systematic analysis of a hybrid electric vehicle design optimization process, including the objective function settings, optimizing the selection of variables, constraints and the selection of optimization algorithm choice, and the final calculation is given optimize the process and results. In addition, the study found that in the simulation, the HEV and fuel economy not only vehicle configuration and control strategy, but also the driving cycle with HEV greater relevance. For EQ6110 such as hybrid bus, traveling because of its relatively fixed routes and road conditions, the paper optimization study conducted by the economic performance of the vehicle upgrade very practical help, but no fixed cycle for driving other types HEV, applicable to the status of the multi-control strategy also to be considered. References: 1. Valerie H. Johnson. Keith B. Wipke and David J. Rausen. HEV ControlStrategy for Realtime Optimization of Fuel Economy and Emissions [J]. SAE 2000 - 01 - 1543 2. Xue Yi. Principle and optimization methods. Beijing: Beijing Industrial University Press, 2001 3. Zhang Xiang, Zhao Han, Qian Li-jun, and so on. Electric Vehicle Design Optimization technology research. Shanghai Automotive, 2004 (6) 4. Long Liang, Zhang Xin, Li Xiu, and so on. Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain System Simulation Research. North Jiaotong University Journal, 2002, 26 (4)

Optical mouse technology in the car Application

Optical mice Set modern imaging technology and high-resolution digital image processing technology, and it is important invention of the mouse technology, with its unique technology and price advantage rapidly becoming the standard computer configuration. Optical mice by the imaging system IAS, signal processing DSP system, the three major systems SPI interface system components. IAS system by which light source, optical lenses and optical devices CMOS sensor consists of three parts. The mouse work through internal light source (a light-emitting diode), illuminate the mouse at the bottom, the bottom part of the surface reflectance of light through optical lens spread CMOS photosensitive chip, CMOS chip by the photosensitive hundreds of optoelectronic devices composed of matrix, in the CMOS image for the Matrix signal conversion, Chuan losers DSP systems to signal processing, DSP and storage this image signal sampling period of the last images were compared, if a sampling point has two images in the position of a mobile, on the issue of vertical and horizontal displacement signal to the two direction SPI Interface System, otherwise continue with the next sampling cycle. SPI Interface System of the DSP processing to the signal output. Optical mouse has two main technical parameters, is a resolution, units are dpi (pixels / inch), for example, a 1600 dpi mouse can tell the smallest spacing of 25.4 mm/1600 = 0.015875mm; Another is the sampling frequency, sampling of the per second CMOS shooting Image frame count and DSP chip can process images per second of the frame count. For example, Microsoft IE4 optical mice sampling frequency is 9000 / sec, can provide 1409.7 mm / s tracking speed. Optical mouse technology in the field of application of the feasibility of car Optical mice measure changes in the displacement, and a real physical displacement between the optical lens resulting in physical and the ratio between transform imaging. Computer configuration of the optical mouse is part of a high-optical-optical lens rate is close imaging, desktop users in smaller mobile, computer cursor on the screen in a greater response. By changing the optical lens-k-rate, increasing physical distance between lens and can trace its speed into k-fold increase. Of course, due to changes in the mouse close-up imaging for long-distance imaging, the resolution of the mouse itself has changed, but this change does not affect the application in the car. Microsoft IE4 photosensitive chip CMOS optical mouse as an example, suppose the greatest speed of 200 km / h, the optical lens factor k = 200 × 1000/3600/1.4097 = 39.4, then a resolution of 0.015875 × 39.4 = 0.625mm . From this we can see that when the optical lens factor k = 39.4, tracking speed can reach its maximum 200 km / h, resolution of less than 1 mm, and its measurement accuracy still high, to meet the speed measurement requirements. For example, in optical mice at the bottom directly in the camera zoom lens experiment on the road, set a mouse output value of the same results showed that the farther the road from the mouse, the greater the scope of sampling, the movement of the mouse itself needs greater distance; Mice without the lens from the close road mobile smallest. Take distance imaging, in poor light when necessary auxiliary lighting. In this experiment using ordinary flashlight can meet the requirements. Optical mice are close-up imaging, a small sampling of the small sampling plane sometimes lack of feature points, causing For more homogeneous surface such as the mirror, and other adaptive differential. Vehicles traveling relatively coarse dry pavement much every aspect of the characteristics of other points with a clear distinction, but also because it is remote imaging, surface sampling, feature points more, there is no adaptability problem, a large number of experiments have proved this point. Optical mice in the image processing technology without mechanical movement, all semiconductor circuits, high science and technology content, only two 300 g weight, small size, its application to automobiles field is very convenient. Because, from image acquisition, processing the data output entirely off-the-shelf optical mouse technology, related only to its output data can be used to develop applications in particular simple. In ABS, ESP on the Application Anti-lock Braking System ABS is to be Locking wheels when braking force to reduce, but will not Locking wheels when braking force when the increase, repeated moves to reach safety brake. Automotive Brake process, the ground between the wheel and slip phenomenon that slip ratio δ = (Vt - Va) / Vt × 100% (where: δ --- slip ratio; Vt --- car wheel line speed; Vehicle speed Va --- .) Experiments show that, in order to achieve the best braking effect, should be controlled slip rate of 15% to 20% range. Clearly, control slip rate must know that speed. Due to the accurate measurement of the speed sensor (such as Doppler velocimetry) very expensive, most vehicles only measuring wheel speed, wheel speed estimated speed according to the ABS, dual parameters (speed, wheel speed) into single simplified measurement parameters (wheel speed) measurements, a lack of essential parameters, to a large extent affect the ABS results. The optical mice image sensor technology applied to the ABS speed measurement system, to be installed in a vehicle image sensor, and the sampling of the road, according to installation height adjustment coefficients k optical lens, making it a long-distance imaging, and then output the data into a displacement speed. Applied to the ESP system, the body needs in the vertical or horizontal straight line on the two locations (such as the two mirrors bearings) were installed image sensor, measuring the two longitudinal, transverse acceleration changes in both directions, that is to say when the body above two points in the longitudinal direction and the lateral acceleration basically the same no displacement, the body for straight forward movement; When the two measured lateral acceleration, a lateral sliding body; When the two vertical acceleration of a difference, accompanied by a horizontal rotating body, numerical side of the lateral in the rotation, according to the two horizontal displacement of poor and the body width computable Rotation angle. As in reverse after the application As in reverse after the application is the use of body image sensor location and orientation measurement positioning methods. After depending on the existing reversing devices through car camera, the car displayed on the screen environment; Some of the screen also showed that direction and lane track body to help pilots determine body position and the external environment relations. These devices are characterized by the actual body position and see on the screen is isolated environment, in the screen and the driver could not see the whole body and the environment on the other. With these different devices using optical mouse technology is the first use of body image sensor location and direction tracking positioning, the animated simulation of the actual vehicle reversing process and the environment photographs superimposed with the outside world. As previously stated in its approach to the two mirrors on the image sensor bearings were installed under the car's body began to assume a vertical and horizontal direction of the earth coordinate system, and one set of coordinates of the origin Image Sensor (coordinates calculation method required under the arbitrary assumptions). When first started to take photographs after the car, and then calculate the coordinates of the camera; At the same time according to reversing the course of two image sensors, the displacement of change, the calculated body coordinates, the two coordinate points can be determined at the same time auto body position and direction. According to the model of a vehicle location coordinates and auto body reversing the direction of the process simulation and photos superimposed and the environment. Thus, the actual vehicle on the ground movement, body model in the photos on the ensuing campaign, in the screen to see is a photo of the environment movement in the body of a model, as if the driver outside the vehicle, overlooking the entire body surroundings, reversing the process transparent. Reversing camera in the photo, when the vehicle movement at the edge of the current photographs, according to vehicle location coordinates corresponding photo call. It should be stated that, in the body model and photos superimposed in the simulation of motor sport body should be a three-dimensional model, and the virtual camera tracking model and the actual car photo camera angle, height, etc. to the same parameters of the lens, so that baby and the environment Integration, a simulation of the entire the process can be accurate and realistic. At the same time, as far as possible, suppress baby height, so as not to block the car environment. Summing up As the core technology for optical mice - the development of image processing is continuing. It is reported that the Shenzhen company has successfully developed a third generation of optical mice, the largest mobile speed of an order of magnitude, up to 100,000 dpi resolution. Image sensors small size, low price, high precision measurement, in the car lot of space. In this paper, only a brief account of the image sensors in the gun, the application of positioning, more applications can be logged in the State Intellectual Property Office website, View image measurement method patent literature.

CAR-Automobile Engine Group comprehensive introduction to the body

Body composition engine is the skeleton is the engine agencies and system installed base, its inner and outer engine installed in all the major parts and accessories, under various loads. Therefore, the body must have enough strength and stiffness. Block group from the main cylinder block, crankcase, cylinder head and cylinder pad, and other component parts. 1. Cylinder body (Figure 2-1) The water-cooled engine cylinder block, crankshaft, and often turns into one box, called the cylinder body - crankcase and cylinder body can be called. Cylinder general use of gray iron cast, the top of the cylinder body known as the cylindrical cavity cylinder, the crankshaft bearing for the second half of the crankcase, crankshaft its campaign for the inner cavity space. The cylinder block casting many internal stiffener, cooling water jacket and lubricants Road. Cylinder body should have sufficient strength and stiffness, according to the cylinder body and the oil pan installation location different plane, usually the cylinder body is divided into the following three forms. (Figure 2-2) (1) General-cylinder body characterized by plane and oil pan installation crankshaft rotation center at the same level. The advantages of such a cylinder body height is small, light weight, compact, easy processing, crankshaft removable convenience; But its weaknesses are less stiffness and strength (2) gantry-type cylinder of the features of sump installation of the plane below the crankshaft rotational center. The advantage is the strength and stiffness is good, can withstand greater mechanical load; But its shortcomings of the process is poor, bulky structure, processing more difficult. (3) tunnel-type cylinder of this form of a cylinder of the crankshaft main bearing hole for the overall style, using rolling bearings, main bearings hole larger, crankshaft load from the rear of the cylinder. The advantage is compact structure, stiffness and strength well, but its disadvantages are high precision machining, the process of the poor, crankshaft removable inconvenient. To enable the inner surface of the cylinder under high temperature in the normal work of the cylinder gas cylinder head must be carried out properly cooling. There are two cooling methods, is a water-cooled, and the other is air-cooled (Figure 2-3). The cylinder water-cooled engine cylinder head around and gas processing in both sets of a cooling water, and gas cylinder head and cylinder block the same set of cooling water, cooling water Inner constantly circle in the water, taking some heat built on the cylinder and the cylinder cooling effect. Hyundai Motor on the basic use of multi-cylinder water-cooled engine, multi-cylinder engine, the cylinder engine with a decision to form the size and shape structural characteristics of the engine body stiffness and strength also have influence and a bearing on the overall layout of vehicles. In accordance with the arrangement of different cylinder, the cylinder body also can be divided into separate-, V-and home-three (Figure 2-4). (1) In-line Each cylinder engines lined up one, the general layout is vertical. Separate-cylinder block structure is simple, easy processing, but the length and height of larger engines. Following the general six-cylinder engine to use a separate type. For example, Jetta sedan, Beverly sedan, the red flag used by car engines that are used in-line cylinder. Some of the cars in order to reduce engine height, tilt angle of the engine. (2) V Formed two cylinder, two-cylinder around the angle between the centerline of γ <180 °, known as V-type engine, a V-type engine compared with the inline engine, shortened the length and height of the body, increasing the stiffness of the cylinder block, reducing the weight of the engine, but the width has increased engine , and the shape more complex, processing difficulties, generally for the more than 8-cylinder engine, six-cylinder engine also used this form of a cylinder body. (3) Purchase of Formed two cylinder, about two surface of the cylinder at the same level, that is, about two-cylinder angle between the centerline of γ = 180 °, known as the home-style. It is characterized by a high degree of small, the overall layout of convenience, to air-cooled. Application of this cylinder less. Cylinder boring directly in the cylinder body called Integral cylinder, the cylinder of the overall strength and stiffness is good, can withstand greater loads, the material requirements of this high cylinder, high costs. If the cylinder into separate manufacturing cylindrical parts (that is, the cylinder sets), and then loaded to the cylinder body. So, wear-resistant cylinder sets using high quality materials, the availability of lower prices cylinder general materials, which reduces manufacturing costs. At the same time, the cylinder can be set out from the cylinder body, thus facilitating repair and replacement, and can greatly extend the life of the cylinder. A dry cylinder sleeve cylinder kits and Wet Sleeve two (Figure 2-5). Dry cylinder liner features packaged into the cylinder after cylinder body, not its outer wall direct contact with the cooling water, and the wall of the cylinder direct contact thinner wall thickness, generally 1 to 3 mm. It is the overall merits of the cylinder body, strength and stiffness are good, but processing more complex inner and outer surfaces need to be finished, removable inconvenient, Thermal bad. Wet Sleeve is the characteristics of the cylinder sets into the cylinder after its outer wall direct contact with the cooling water, only in the cylinder sets, one each under the ring Strip and the cylinder body contact, the general thickness of 5 to 9 mm. It Thermal good, uniform cooling, processing easier, usually requires only finishing inner surface, and contact with the outer surface of the water does not need processing, disassembly and assembly convenience, but the disadvantage is strength, stiffness of the cylinder sets of proteins are not good, and could easily have leakage phenomenon. Some measures should be taken leakproof. 2. Crankcase Installation of the lower cylinder crankshaft to the site known as the crankcase, crankshaft box at the crankcase and the crankcase. The crankcase and cylinder body turns into one, under the crankcase lubricants used for storage, and closed on the crankcase, it is also known as the oil pan map (Figure 2-6). Sump force is very small, generally use thin steel plate stamping from its shape depends on the overall layout and the engine oil capacity. The contents are stable oil sump baffles to prevent vehicles moving at top excessive fluctuations in the oil surface. Put oil pan bottom are equipped with the oil plug, plug oil usually put on permanent magnets installed to adsorption lubricants in metal shavings, reduce engine wear. In between the upper and lower crankcase with Congress liner to prevent oil leakage. 3. Cylinder Head (Figure 2-7) Installed in the cylinder head above the cylinder block, cylinder and from the upper part of a sealed combustion chamber. With its regular contact with high temperature and high pressure gas, under tremendous heat load and mechanical load. The water-cooled engine cylinder head with the internal cooling water system sets and Head End under the cooling water hole and block the cooling water hole the same. Use circulating cooling water to high temperature combustion chamber, and other parts. Jin also equipped with cylinder head, exhaust portal, catheter valve hole for the installation Jin, exhaust valve, and exhaust and inlet channel access. The cylinder gasoline engine installed spark plugs are covered with processing the hole, and covered with processing cylinder diesel engine injector installation of a hole. Overhead Camshaft engine cylinder covered with the camshaft bearings are also processing hole for the installation of camshaft. Figure 2-7 Cylinder Head generally use the gray cast iron or cast iron alloy, the thermal conductivity of aluminum alloy good, helping improve the compression ratio, aluminum alloy cylinder head in recent years been adopted in more and more. The cylinder head is an integral part of the combustion chamber, the combustion chamber shape on the engine work very influential, since the gasoline engine and diesel engine combustion different ways, the composition of its cylinder covered with greatly different part of the combustion chamber. The gasoline engine cylinder covered in the main combustion chamber, the combustion chamber and the main diesel engine piston in the top of the pit. Here only on the gasoline engine combustion chamber, the combustion chamber diesel engine on diesel supply department introduced. Gasoline engine combustion chamber of the three common forms (Figure 2-8). (1) hemispherical combustion chamber Compact hemispherical combustion chamber, spark plugs are deployed in the central chamber, flame trip short, so high combustion rate, less heat dissipation, thermal efficiency. This structure also allows the combustion chamber of double valve arranged inlet diameter larger, more efficient so inflated, although the allocation of gas agencies become more complex, but to exhaust purification, in the car engine is widely used. (2) wedge-shaped combustion chamber Wedge-shaped combustion chamber structure is simple, compact, heat a small area, heat loss is small, can guarantee mixture formed in the compressed itinerary good eddy current campaign, helping improve the quality of hybrid gas mixture, Inlet resistance small, inflatable increased efficiency. Formed a valve, valve trains simple, but the spark plugs placed wedge combustion chamber height, flame propagation distance longer, Cherokee cars using this form of engine combustion chamber. (3) basin-shaped combustion chamber Basin-shaped combustion chamber, the cylinder head and good technology, low manufacturing costs, but vulnerable valve diameter limit, Jin, the exhaust effects worse than the hemispherical combustion chamber. Jetta sedan engine, the Audi car engine combustion chamber shape used pots. 4. Cylinder pad (Figure 2-9) Cylinder pad mounted on the cylinder head and cylinder block between its function is to ensure that the cylinder head and cylinder block access of the seal to prevent leakage, water leakage and oil spills. Cylinder pad material to have a certain flexibility to compensate surface roughness combine to ensure that sealed at the same time have a good heat resistance and pressure, high temperature under high pressure is not burning, not deformed. The present application is more horsepower - cylinder structure of the cotton pad, as magma - cotton pad flanging Department cylinder three-horsepower, clamping asbestos difficult than when the deformation. Some asbestos engine also used in the weaving center with a gang-screen or plate frame, two rubber binder with asbestos and pressure into the cylinder gasket. Installation cylinder pad, the first to check the quality and cylinder pad integrity of all cylinder pad to the hole and the hole on the cylinder body alignment. Second, we must strictly in accordance with the requirements of Hong statement, the cylinder head bolts. Tightening cylinder head bolts, it must be central to the symmetric extension of the order at around 2 to 3 times, the last time Tightening torque to the provisions. This article from: China Automotive Technology Forum [url] http://bbs.qichejishu.com [/ url] more exciting waiting for you!